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<title>Battle of Chrysopolis</title>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Chrysopolis</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Chrysopolis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">civil wars of the Tetrarchy</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><br>The battle of Constantine and Licinius by <a href="Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 17th century.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 September 324<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Chrysopolis, near <a href="Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a><br>(modern-day <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">

<p>Constantinian victory

</p>

<ul><li>Constantine consolidates power</li>

<li>Final collapse of the <a href="Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

<a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

<a href="Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

Around 105,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

120,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">

Unknown but not particularly high</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">

25,000–30,000 killed, tens of thousands more captured.</td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><div id="Battles_of_Constantine_I1461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Battles of <a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Segusio" title="Siege of Segusio">Segusio</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Turin_(312)" title="Battle of Turin (312)">Turin</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Brescia_(312)" title="Battle of Brescia (312)">Brescia</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Verona_(312)" title="Battle of Verona (312)">Verona</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Milvian Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cibalae" title="Battle of Cibalae">Cibalae</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Mardia" title="Battle of Mardia">Mardia</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)" title="Battle of Adrianople (324)">Adrianople</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Hellespont" title="Battle of the Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Byzantium_(324)" title="Siege of Byzantium (324)">Byzantium</a></li>

</ul>

<b><a href="German_and_Sarmatian_campaigns_of_Constantine" title="German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine">German and Sarmatian campaigns</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fourth-century_Roman_civil_wars2033" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Fourth-century_Roman_civil_wars2033" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Fourth-century Roman civil wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Segusio" title="Siege of Segusio">Segusio</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Turin_(312)" title="Battle of Turin (312)">Turin</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Brescia_(312)" title="Battle of Brescia (312)">Brescia</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Verona_(312)" title="Battle of Verona (312)">Verona</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Milvian_Bridge" title="Battle of the Milvian Bridge">Milvian Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tzirallum" title="Battle of Tzirallum">Tzirallum</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Cibalae" title="Battle of Cibalae">Cibalae</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Mardia" title="Battle of Mardia">Mardia</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)" title="Battle of Adrianople (324)">Adrianople</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Hellespont" title="Battle of the Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Byzantium_(324)" title="Siege of Byzantium (324)">Byzantium</a></li>

</ul>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Mursa_Major" title="Battle of Mursa Major">Mursa Major</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Mons_Seleucus" title="Battle of Mons Seleucus">Mons Seleucus</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Jewish revolt</a></li></ul>

<p><b> Late period</b>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Thyatira" title="Battle of Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Poetovio" title="Battle of Poetovio">Poetovio</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Frigidus" title="Battle of the Frigidus">Frigidus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gildonic_War" title="Gildonic War">Gildonic War</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<p>The <b>Battle of Chrysopolis</b> was fought on 18 September 324 at <a href="%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar#Chrysopolis" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a> (modern <a href="%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Üsküdar</a>), near <a href="Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> (modern <a href="Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a>), between the two <a href="Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> <a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> and <a href="Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>. The battle was the final encounter between the two emperors. After his navy's defeat in the <a href="Battle_of_the_Hellespont" title="Battle of the Hellespont">Battle of the Hellespont</a>, Licinius withdrew his forces from the city of <a href="Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> across the <a href="Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> to Chalcedon in <a href="Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>. Constantine followed, and won the subsequent battle. This left Constantine as the sole emperor, ending the period of the <a href="Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>The navy of Licinius had suffered a catastrophic defeat at the <a href="Battle_of_the_Hellespont" title="Battle of the Hellespont">Battle of the Hellespont</a>. His admiral, Abantus, had been outfought by Constantine's son, the <a href="Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a> <a href="Crispus" title="Crispus">Crispus</a>, despite the latter's distinctly smaller fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this naval victory, Constantine crossed over to <a href="Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>. An army, under the command of Licinius' newly appointed co-emperor <a href="Sextus_Martinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Martinianus">Martinian</a>, was guarding the coast at <a href="Lampsacus" title="Lampsacus">Lampsacus</a> on the <a href="Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a>. Constantine had a flotilla of light transports built on the Bosphorus, allowing him to avoid that army entirely when crossing into Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Following the destruction of his naval forces, Licinius evacuated the garrison of Byzantium, which subsequently joined his main army in <a href="Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus. From there he also summoned Martinian's forces and a band of <a href="Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> auxiliaries, under their leader Aliquaca (or Alica), to reinforce his principal army, as it had been depleted by its earlier defeat at the <a href="Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)" title="Battle of Adrianople (324)">Battle of Adrianople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Odahl,_p._180_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odahl,_p._180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear whether Martinian's forces reached Licinius before September 18, when Licinius was brought to battle by Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2></div>

<p>Constantine's army landed on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus at a place called the Sacred Promontory and marched southward towards Chalcedon. Licinius moved his army a few miles north towards Chrysopolis. Constantine's army reached the environs of Chrysopolis before the forces of Licinius. Following a retreat to his tent to seek divine guidance, Constantine decided to take the initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-Odahl,_p._180_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odahl,_p._180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The religious aspect of the conflict was reflected in Licinius drawing up his battle lines with images of the pagan gods of Rome prominently displayed, whilst Constantine's army fought under his talismanic Christian standard, the <a href="Labarum" title="Labarum">labarum</a>. Licinius had developed a superstitious dread of the labarum and forbade his troops from attacking it, or even looking directly at it.<sup id="cite_ref-Odahl,_p._180_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odahl,_p._180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Constantine seemingly eschewed any subtlety of manoeuvre, he launched a single massive frontal assault on Licinius' troops and routed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Odahl,_p._180_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odahl,_p._180-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won a decisive victory in what was a very large-scale battle. According to the fifth-century historian <a href="Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, “There was great slaughter at Chrysopolis.”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licinius was reported to have lost 25,000 to 30,000 men, with thousands more breaking and running in flight.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licinius managed to escape and gathered around 30,000 of his surviving troops at the city of <a href="Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div>

<p>Recognising that his surviving forces in Nicomedia could not stand against Constantine's victorious army, Licinius was persuaded to throw himself on the mercy of his enemy. Constantia, Constantine's half-sister and Licinius' wife, acted as intermediary. Initially, yielding to the pleas of his sister, Constantine spared the life of his brother-in-law, but some months later he ordered his execution, thereby breaking his solemn oath. This occurred because Licinius was suspected of treasonable actions, and the army command pressed for his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, Constantine's nephew, the younger <a href="Licinius_II" title="Licinius II">Licinius</a>, also fell victim to the emperor's anger or suspicions. He was executed in 326 and had his name <a href="Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">expunged from official inscriptions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In defeating his last foe, Licinius, Constantine became the sole emperor of the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>; the first such since the elevation of <a href="Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> to the status of <a href="Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a> by <a href="Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in April 286.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his conquest of the eastern portion of the Roman Empire, Constantine made the momentous decision to give the east its own capital, and the empire as a whole its second. He chose the city of <a href="Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>—renamed <a href="Constantinople" title="Constantinople"><i>Constantinopolis</i></a>—as the site of this new foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)" title="Battle of Adrianople (324)">Battle of Adrianople</a></li>

<li><a href="Late_Roman_army" title="Late Roman army">Late Roman army</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ossius of Cordova: A Contribution to the History of the Constantinian Period</i> – p. 186 by Victor Cyril De Clercq</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Faith and Practice in the Early Church: Foundations for Contemporary Theology</i> – p. 201 by Carl A. Volz </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the Later Roman Empire</i>, Ad 284–622 Lpc: AD 285–479 – p. 66 by Stephen [VNV] Mitchell</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant (1985), p. 236</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant (1993), p. 47</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Odahl,_p._180-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odahl,_p._180_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odahl,_p._180_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odahl,_p._180_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odahl,_p._180_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Odahl, p. 180</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenski, p. 76</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, ch. 17.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zosimus 2.22.7.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant (1993), pp. 46–47</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker and Warmington, p. 261</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odahl, p. 160</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant (1993), pp. 47–48</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunstan, p. 436</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephenson, p. 190</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div>

<ul><li>Eusebius, <i>Life of Constantine</i>, Translated by Ernest Cushing Richardson, From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 1, Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co. (1890).</li>

<li>Zosimus, <i>Historia nova</i>, English translation: R.T. Ridley, Zosimus: New History, Byzantina Australiensia 2, Canberra (1982).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div>

<ul><li>Dunstan, W.E. (2010) <i>Rome</i>, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham MD <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7425-6834-1</bdi></li>

<li>Grant, Michael (1985), <i>The Roman Emperors: A biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome 31 BC–AD 476</i>, London. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-297-78555-9</bdi></li>

<li>Grant, Michael (1993), <i>The Emperor Constantine</i>, London. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7538-0528-6</bdi></li>

<li>Lenski, Noel E. (2011) <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine</i>, Cambridge University Press.</li>

<li>Odahl, C.M., (2004) <i>Constantine and the Christian Empire,</i> Routledge 2004. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-415-17485-6</bdi></li>

<li>Parker, H. M. D. and Warmington, B. H. (1958) <i>A History of the Roman World from A.D. 138 to 337</i>, Methuen.</li>

<li>Stephenson, P. (2009) <i>Constantine: Unconquered Emperor, Christian Victor</i>, Quercus, London</li></ul>

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